Overview

When using variables in code there are 2 different ways the data can be used. When you pass a variable to a function it is either a pass by reference or a pass by value.

Pass By Reference

Pass by reference is when the memory address is passed to the function. This means that whatever changes happens to the variable will affect all other variables pointed to that memory address. The following code is in C++.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;void increment(int &x) {
  x++;
}int main() {
  int num = 10;
  cout << num << endl;  increment(num);
  cout << firstNum;  return 0…

Overview

The main use of the Transfer Object Pattern is to pass data with multiple attributes at once. It is made up of 3 parts:

• Transfer Object — Simple Plain Old Java Object(POJO) which just has getters and setters
• Business Object — Contains the logic that manipulates the transfer object.
• Client — Passes or gets transfer object from the business object

Implementation

Transfer Object

PersonTO.java

public class PersonTO {
   private String name;
   private int id;

   PersonTO(String name, int id){
      this.name = name; 
      this.id = id
   }

   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }

   public void setName(String name) {
      this.name = name;
   }   public String getId() {
      return id;
   }

   public void setId(String id) {
      this.id …

Overview

Inheritance is one of the four pillars of Object Oriented Programming(OOP). Inheritance allows classes to inherit all methods and properties from another class. The parent class is the class that is being inherited from also known as the base class. The child class is the class that is inheriting from another class.

Parent Class

The parent class is a typical class that just needs to have the methods and properties that will be inherited.

class Parent:
  def __init__(self, name):
    self.name = name

  def printName(self):
    print(self.name)

Child Class

The child class can be a typical class but you just need to wrap the parent class in parenthesis right after the child class. …

Overview

Arrow functions are similar to Java and Pythons lambda function. Arrow functions can be used instead of Javascript traditional function definition. Arrow functions are more compact but there are some limitations:

• No bindings to this or super so it should not be used inside object if they are to be methods
• No access to arguments or new.target
• Should not be used with call, apply and bind methods because they rely on a scope or the current context where it is being executed
• Cannot be used as a constructor
• Cannot use yield in its definition

Implementation

Instead of using the function key word you would wrap the arguments in parenthesis as usual than the arrow, =>, followed by the definition. If the there is only one argument you can ignore the parenthesis. Similarly if the definition only has one line you can ignore the curly braces as well the return keyword because it is implied. You can assign the arrow function to a variable as well. …

Overview

Lambda was added to Java in version 8. Similar to Python lambda is a short block of code that is a function do not have a name. Like functions they can take in arguments and returns a value. Unlike Pythons lambda Java has its own way of using lambda. Like in Python lambda functions are typically used in higher order functions or functions that take in another function as an argument.

Implementation

To use lambda you start by declaring the argument separated by -> then the function definition.

// argument -> definition
x -> System.out.println(x)

If the lambda function takes in more than 1 argument or not argument it needs a parenthesis. …

Overview

Lambda is a single line function with no name that can have multiple arguments but only one expression. This is useful for writing functions that will only be run once.

Implementation

Normal Implementation

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

Lambda Implementation

lambda a, b : a +b

As you can see in order to declare a function as a lambda function you need to use the lambda keyword. What follows after the lambda keyword are the arguments of the function. Then the colon symbol separates the argument from the definition.

Assignment

You can save the lambda function by setting a variable equal to the lambda function. …

Overview

Normally we use numbers from 0–9 which a base 10 system called decimal. Binary is a number system using base 2 system. This means it just uses 2 numbers 0 and 1. Computers use binary to store data and each bit is represented by a 1 or 0. Each bit is grouped in 8 bits which represents a byte. Hexadecimal uses base 16 which is easier to represent 8 bits using only 2 digits instead of binaries 8.

Binary and Decimal

Each digit in a decimal represents a power of 2. So starting from the right to left is 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 etc. When converting binary to decimal you figure out what digit represents what power of 2 and if it has a 1 add the power of 2 together. For example: 10101. From right to left the 1’s represent 1, 4, and 16 so to convert we add those number and we get 21. …

Overview

As the name suggests MVC design patterns involves 3 parts:

• Model — The object that contains the data. It should contain no logic to display data.
• View — Presents the data to the user. It should only have the logic to display the data and not any logic to manipulate it.
• Controller — Controls the data flow between the model and view keeping the two of them separate. The view triggers events that cause the controller to change the model.

Implementation

Model

// Employee.java
public class Employee {
   private int id;
   private String name;
   
   public String getId() {
      return rollNo;
   }
   
   public void setId(int id) {
      this.id = id;
   }
   
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   
   public void setName(String name) {
      this.name …